Dental implantation is a modern and frequently used method of restoring teeth by implanting a dental implant (artificial root) directly into the jaw periosteum. This root fully replaces the supporting tooth and performs the functions of a fixed prosthesis or acts as a retainer for a removable one. Implantation is carried out in case of loss of native teeth and unwillingness for some reason to carry out traditional prosthetics.

Types of dental prostheses pros and cons: General information about dental implants.

The essence of implantation is the introduction of a titanium pin (implant) into the bone tissue of the jaw. An abutment is a structure that acts as a connecting element between an implant and a denture. The procedure is performed under local, general or combined anesthesia, therefore it is absolutely painless.

There are situations when it becomes necessary to carry out a mini-surgical intervention in order to build up bone tissue. This procedure is carried out after revealing the lack of a sufficient amount of bone tissue to firmly secure the implant. There are three reasons for the lack of bone tissue:

• when by nature the amount of dental tissue is small, and it is not enough for the full implantation of the pin;
• when bone tissue atrophy develops after tooth extraction due to the lack of chewing load on this place for a long time;
• when implantation is carried out on the upper jaw opposite the maxillary sinuses, where the periosteum initially has a small height.

After increasing the volume of bone tissue, sutures are applied, closing the site of instrumental intervention. The procedure of healing and engraftment of bone tissue lasts quite a long time - on average from 3-4 to 6-7 months. Be sure to follow this procedure with a course of antibiotic therapy. To negate the likelihood of developing postoperative infections, since any postoperative wound becomes a potential source of bacterial infection.

Antibiotics are prescribed not only after the bone augmentation procedure, but also after complete implantation. Many dentists recommend that antibiotics be given the day before bone augmentation surgery or on the day the procedure is scheduled. Further, antibiotics are drunk in a whole course - at least 5, maximum 14 days. In special and individual cases, a decision may be made on a longer use of antibiotics.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are most commonly prescribed and often result in a range of adverse outcomes. This is especially true for people who are 40 or more years old - the usual age for implantation. This category of people is included in a special risk group for the development of various complications from antibiotic therapy.

The development of complications from treatment courses with antibiotics is a complex process that is influenced by many factors. The main ones are considered: the side effects of the antibiotics themselves and the reaction of the human body to their administration.

In addition to the classic side effects from the action of antibiotics, manifested by dysbacteriosis (because both harmful and beneficial microorganisms die), allergic reactions and changes in the blood picture, the functionality of internal organs is also significantly harmed. Drug-induced lesions of the liver, kidneys and, to some extent, the pancreas require special attention.

Kidney damage

Nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects are noted due to serious damage to the renal and hepatic tissues. Symptoms of damage to these organs are manifested by a violation of their functions. Thirst, pain in the lower back and right hypochondrium, changes in the composition of urine and liver enzymes, changes in the composition of the blood. These symptoms can be temporary, or they can cause serious disorders that may appear after some time (on average, a year or two). Moreover, the severity of the developed diseases directly depends on the duration of antibiotics.

In the case of the pancreas, side effects from antibiotic therapy are manifested by the development of drug-induced pancreatitis, in which its exogenous excretory functions are impaired. Over time, the most severe consequence of antibiotic therapy for the pancreas will be diabetes mellitus.

Deafness

Severe side effects are accompanied by the neurotoxic effect of antibiotics on the nervous system. The most severe consequences of neurotoxic potential are damage to the optic and auditory nerves, as well as the vestibular apparatus. Deafness and significant visual impairment often appear some time after long-term antibiotic treatment.

Contraindications for dental implant surgery.

Any medical surgical intervention consists of indications and contraindications. Implantation, in addition to the consequences of possible concomitant antibiotic therapy, has an extensive list of contraindications. This list is classified into: absolute, relative, local, general and temporary contraindications. Their division is conditional, except for absolute ones.

Absolute contraindications for dental implantation are:

• diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs (for example, if a patient has abnormalities in blood clotting factors);
• congenital or acquired disorders in the central nervous system. For example, those mental illnesses when the patient cannot adequately assess the complexity of the operation and the need to follow postoperative medical instructions.
• various oncological diseases (tumors and neoplasms) - this will entail metastases and stimulate further progression of the disease;
• pathological conditions in the immune system, when the body responds inadequately to postoperative therapy and to the introduction of foreign objects into the body;
• systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic and rheumatoid abnormalities, scleroderma and other diseases of the connective tissues, when there is no possibility of its development around the implant;
• tuberculosis with all complications;
• chronic aphthous stomatitis, pemphigus, Sjogren's syndrome and some other diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity;
• type 1 diabetes mellitus;
• bruxism (unconscious teeth grinding), masticatory muscle hypertonicity. Relative contraindications are:
• unsanitized oral cavity (for example, the presence of teeth affected by caries);
• non-compliance with oral hygiene (a direct path to removable dentures, but not to implantation);
• gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) of a non-infectious or infectious nature;
• marginal periodontitis (inflammation of the periodontal tissues);
• wrong bites;
• arthrosis of the temporomandibular joints;
• periosteal tissue defects or atrophy;
• drug addiction, chronic alcoholism or smoking;
• pregnancy. Many of the relative contraindications are temporary and are classified as temporary:
• any disease in the acute stage;
• periods of rehabilitation or recovery after other operations or diseases;
• periods of pregnancy;
• periods after exposure (at least a year);
• drug or alcohol addiction. Local plan contraindications:
• violation of oral hygiene;
• lack of bone tissue volume or its disturbed structure;
• inappropriate distance from the trigeminal nerve to the upper jaw and maxillary sinuses.

General contraindications:

• any surgical justification for failures of any surgical interventions;
• any contraindications for anesthesia, including general intolerance to general anesthesia and local anesthesia;
• system-wide diseases that can be exacerbated by implantation (heart disease, rheumatic diseases);
• treatment regimens prescribed before the operation, and which may affect the healing or engraftment of the implant in relation to surrounding tissues.
• CNS diseases in the form of mental disorders;
• cachexia (general exhaustion of the body);
• distress syndrome;
• any difficulties or impossibility to ensure appropriate hygienic conditions of the oral cavity (in this case, it is better to consider the option of removable prosthetics).

Afterword

Any medical intervention in the human body is associated with certain risks. Before you decide on dental implantation, you need to find a competent and qualified specialist in the field of dentistry. Only a doctor will be able to provide maximum information not only about the procedure itself, but also about the postoperative period, about rehabilitation therapy. About all contraindications and about the risks of developing side effects not only within the operating area, but also within the body as a whole.

Do not forget that systemic changes can be manifested by various diseases that may not appear immediately.

As many patients say. He had beautiful teeth and lost all his giblets. Take care of your body and listen to yourself.

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